UPDATE: A coalition came together to defeat these two bills for this year. Congrats due to @JusticeFwdVA, @LegalAidJustice, @AFPVA, @VAstudentpower, @thcjusticenow, @ACLUVA, and @ActivateVA.
These groups collaborated and their effective advocacy resulted in both the House and Senate bills being recommitted on Tuesday, February 22, 2023, to the respective Transportation Committees from whence they came. That means that this Flock-powered statewide mass surveillance legislation is dead in the Virginia General Assembly for this 2023 legislative session.
But the issue of Flock spurred mass surveillance is alive and definitely well in Virginia. Fairfax County Police say that they will deploy more than 2 dozen Flock powered ALPR's in the County in so-called "high crime" areas this spring. Fairfax residents should get with their County Board representatives to call a halt to mass surveillance in their communities. More info in this article that appeared in FFX Now.
Flock Driven Mass Surveillance Legislation
Two
bills are close to passage in VA that would bring unlimited mass surveillance
to the Commonwealth’s highways.
SB 1165 (Lewis, D)
HB 1437(Wiley, R)
This legislation would authorize a statewide mass surveillance
system to be operated by the State Police using a private vendor to install
hardware to collect data on motorists using permanently installed license plate readers
on state highways. It would also unleash similar local systems to be operated by local police.
The legislation has serious and significant
implications for our privacy and for the increasing unregulated/unmonitored use of technolgy by law enforcement. It will expand the integration of mass amounts of personal information in private data bases accessible to law enforcement without a warrant under the Third Party doctrine exception to the Fourth Amendment.
The proposals under consideration in Virginia would authorize statewide deployment of automated license plate
readers (APLR) that will result in the collection of millions of records of innocent
Virginians and people passing through the Commonwealth on our state highways. The data that will be collected will be stored in a massive national database being built by a private vendor for at least 30 days which is 30 days too long. And, the legislation allows sharing of any and all of the collected data for
“law enforcement purposes” without any real restraints.
Once
these cameras are hooked up on state roads all over Virginia there will be
nothing to keep State Police from monitoring the movements of innocent people,
“just in case” as a part of an “active law enforcement investigation,” and
using the AI built into the software to do predictive policing.
There will be nothing to stop State Police and local law enforcement from choosing to monitor for “law enforcement purposes” 30
days of collected data points for everyone who has ever been charged with a
crime or has more than a certain number of points on their license.
This technology has
the potential to become just another tool that drives disparate policing of people
of color (along with ShotSpotter, Stingrays, red light and speed cameras).
Plus, the millions and millions of records in the files will be
subject to data breaches, even intentional, with only a $1000 civil penalty (enforced by whom?) and
no criminal penalty for intentional misuse.
It
is impossible to overstate how bad this legislation is.
Here's what the folks at the National ACLU have to say about this national initiative:
“Unlike a targeted ALPR
camera system that is designed to take pictures of license plates, check the
plates against local hot lists, and then flush the data if there’s no hit,
Flock is building a giant camera network that records people’s comings and
goings across the nation, and then makes that data available for search by any
of its law enforcement customers. Such a system provides even small-town
sheriffs access to a sweeping and powerful mass-surveillance tool, and allows
big actors like federal agencies and large urban police departments to access
the comings and goings of vehicles in even the smallest of towns. And every new
customer that buys and installs the company’s cameras extends Flock’s network,
contributing to the creation of a centralized mass surveillance system of
Orwellian scope. Motorola Solutions, a competitor to Flock, is pursuing a
similar business model.”
The fact is that, in other states, local police are encouraging
homeowners associations and others to spend $2500 per camera to install these
devices on private property and link them to their policing system. The data is added to the national database. The private vendors then gift the tech to the police departments
(1 for every 5 installed by private property owners) to incentivize its
deployment.
And, if this doesn’t sound
like “minority report” … I don’t know what does:
“Flock has captured photos of more than a billion
vehicles in more than 1,200 U.S. cities across 40 states, and installed cameras
in thousands of homeowners’ associations. The company raised $150 million in a
July funding round led by Andreessen Horowitz, with a stated goal of reducing
crime in America by 25% over the next three years by deterring and solving
cases. There are no plans to rest at 25% — Flock’s mission is to“eliminate crime” entirely.”
Moreover,
even though Flock, the vendor proposing and lobbying for this legislation in Virginia, says its surveillance goal is to eliminate crime, there is little evidence that this kind of surveillance actually does reduce crime.
And
Electronic Future Foundation documents routine false hits that have led to police stops of Black people:
“Like all machines, ALPRs make mistakes. And these mistakes can
endanger people’s lives and physical safety. For example, an ALPR might
erroneously conclude that a passing car’s license plate matches the plate of a
car on a hotlist of stolen cars. This can lead police to stop the car and
detain the motorists. As we know, these encounters can turn violent or even
deadly, especially if those cars misidentified are being driven by Black
motorists. This isn’t a hypothetical scenario. Just last month, a false alert
from an ALPR led police to stop a Black family, point guns at them, and force
them to lie on their bellies in a parking lot—including their children, aged
six and eight. Tragically, this is not the first time that police have aimed a gun at a Black motorist because
of a false ALPR hit.”
The ACLU’s Report on Flock's
public/private deployment makes clear that, although the legislation under
consideration in Virginia seeks to limit the kind of data that it will authorize to be collected, the fact is that the Flock system collects more
information than the legislation would now allow to be used. And, the reality is that a simple amendment to the legislation in the future could easily open up use of other data Flock tech would be collecting automatically if the current legislation passes:
"Already, the photos taken by Flock’s ALPR cameras
capture more than just license plates; the photos are used to create what the
company calls a searchable “Vehicle Fingerprint.” Using a “proprietary machine learning algorithm,” the company
says, it gathers “vehicle make, type, color, license plate, state of the
license plate, covered plates, missing plates, and unique features like roof racks and bumper stickers.” Presumably that
would allow searches for all vehicles that include a particular political
bumper sticker, enabling people to be targeted based on the exercise of their First Amendment-protected free expression
rights."
ACLU-VA weighed in against the legislation this week:
"Automatic license plate readers have the potential to create permanent records of virtually everywhere any of us has driven, radically transforming the consequences of leaving home to pursue private life and opening up many opportunities for abuse. The tracking of people’s location constitutes a significant invasion of privacy, which can reveal many things about their lives, such as what friends, doctors, protests, political events, or churches a person may visit. In our society, it is a core principle that the government does not invade people’s privacy and collect information about citizens’ innocent activities just in case they do something wrong."
Finally, the Governor's Department of Planning and Budget says that this legislation has no "fiscal impact":
8. Fiscal Implications: It is anticipated that the proposed legislation will not have a fiscal impact on the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) or the Department of State Police (VSP). Any potential fiscal impact on local law enforcement agencies cannot be determined at this time.
it is a mystery how there can be no fiscal impact from implementing a
statewide system of license plate readers with associated databases and software
AI unless Flock is paying for all of the equipment in this budget cycle
expecting a windfall from necessary future payments for systems maintenance and
data storage.
There will be millions of pictures of license plates that
have to be stored for 30 days (or longer than that based on a need for a “law enforcement investigation”).
There will have to be some personnel assigned to ensure
deletion of the data on a rolling basis every 30 days and ongoing monitoring to be sure that the limitations in the legislation are observed.
How is this going to be "free"?
This feels like what happened with body
cams. The camera companies made the body cameras available to law enforcement for free or at heavily discounted prices, knowing
that they would make a lot of money on data storage and manipulation once
videos started uploading. The cost of body cam deployment has now become a real issue as will the cost of this new statewide system going forward.
Flock is currently valued at $3.5 billion. No way that
valuation would exist if there wasn’t a big return expected on Flock’s loss
leader investments in these massive national data collection and storage systems.
Virginia does not need to pass legislation that would further line Flock's coffers and do so by making a massive incursion into our ability to travel about the Commonwealth without being stalked by big brother government surveillance.
